Session 7, December 14, 2006

The session began with some general repetition of the last topics. We had another look at the ToBI Annotation Conventions, especially on the Break Index Values.
By using the example of one of the previous sound files, we practiced how to label the Break Index Tier with the correct numbers.

Break Index Values Values 0 to 4:

• for phrase boundaries, e.g. at the end of a utterances, the value 4 has to be assigned
• for intermediate intonation phrase boundaries, the value 3 has to be attached
• for a clearly perceived pause or a virtual pause, we use the value 2
• for boundaries between words, we use the value 1
• clitic groups go along with the value 0

Definition of a clitic: a morpheme that is phonologically bound to another word

Session 6, December 7, 2006

We started the session by looking for general information about "nuclear tone types" and "accent types" on the internet.
Afterwards, we were asked to write a short dialogue with proper questins and wh-questions and mark the intonation according to the ToBI notation:

Am I good looking? - Oh darling, you are.
%L L+H* L*+H L-H%
What is the best look? – The best look is yours.
%H L-H%
When am I good looking? – You’re always looking good.
%L L+H* H*-L L-L* L-L%
Where is my best looking outfit? – Your best looking outfit is in the closet.
%H L-L* L-L* L+H* L-L* L-L%
Who is good looking? – You are good looking.
%H L-H* L-L* L-L%
Which is my best looking dress? – You look good in everything
%H L-L* H*-L H-L%

Session 5, November 30,2006

In this session, we briefly talked about the ToBI Annotation Conventions and the ways how to annotate the tiers in Praat.
Additionally, we looked at various languages from all over the world.
We were asked to choose one language in order to analayse it more closely concerning intonation and to prepare a presentation for January.
My group decided to deal with Hausa, an African language.
In the last part of the session, we researched the web for information about our individual topics.

Definitons

Oscillogramme: an oscillogramme represents the wave form (sound pressure) of a signal
Spectrum: Shows intensities of frequency;combination of frequency and amplitude (no relation to time)
Spectogramme: a spectrum shows many spectrum slices. It measures time, frequency and the acoustic energy
Pitch track: shows fundamental frequency
Formant: Formants are the the result of different shapes of the vocal tract. They are energy peaks of an acoustic signal
Fundamental frequency: the lowest complex wave
Harmonic: Harmonics are multiple integers of the fundamentak frequency

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text = "a"
intervals [6]:
xmin = 0.9559647132273034
xmax = 1.3058156108528607
text = "mouse"
intervals [7]:
xmin = 1.3058156108528607
xmax = 1.4272514596154506
text = "were"
intervals [8]:
xmin = 1.4272514596154506
xmax = 1.8696249086791719
text = "walking"
intervals [9]:
xmin = 1.8696249086791719
xmax = 1.9737127790471063
text = "in"
intervals [10]:
xmin = 1.9737127790471063
xmax = 2.0315393736959586
text = "a"
intervals [11]:
xmin = 2.0315393736959586
xmax = 2.5143914390138766
text = "field"
intervals [12]:
xmin = 2.5143914390138766
xmax = 2.522
text = ""
item [2]:
class = "IntervalTier"
name = "Syllable"
xmin = 0
xmax = 2.522
intervals: size = 14
intervals [1]:
xmin = 0
xmax = 0.285176215300615
text = "[sil]"
intervals [2]:
xmin = 0.285176215300615
xmax = 0.42396004245786084
text = "@"
intervals [3]:
xmin = 0.42396004245786084
xmax = 0.5714178588124346
text = "taI"
intervals [4]:
xmin = 0.5714178588124346
xmax = 0.7535716319563198
text = "g@"
intervals [5]:
xmin = 0.7535716319563198
xmax = 0.8923554591135656
text = "@n"
intervals [6]:
xmin = 0.8923554591135656
xmax = 0.9530733834948607
text = "@"
intervals [7]:
xmin = 0.9530733834948607
xmax = 1.3087069405853031
text = "maUz"
intervals [8]:
xmin = 1.3087069405853031
xmax = 1.424360129883008
text = "w3:"
intervals [9]:
xmin = 1.424360129883008
xmax = 1.7366237409868113
text = "wA:k"
intervals [10]:
xmin = 1.7366237409868113
xmax = 1.8667335789467292
text = "Ing"
intervals [11]:
xmin = 1.8667335789467292
xmax = 1.9737127790471063
text = "In"
intervals [12]:
xmin = 1.9737127790471063
xmax = 2.0344307034284013
text = "@"
intervals [13]:
xmin = 2.0344307034284013
xmax = 2.511500109281434
text = "fIlt"
intervals [14]:
xmin = 2.511500109281434
xmax = 2.522
text = ""
item [3]:
class = "IntervalTier"
name = "phoneme"
xmin = 0
xmax = 2.522
intervals: size = 27
intervals [1]:
xmin = 0
xmax = 0.28228488556817233
text = "[sil]"
intervals [2]:
xmin = 0.28228488556817233
xmax = 0.42396004245786084
text = "@"
intervals [3]:
xmin = 0.42396004245786084
xmax = 0.47889530737427066
text = "t"
intervals [4]:
xmin = 0.47889530737427066
xmax = 0.5743091885448771
text = "aI"
intervals [5]:
xmin = 0.5743091885448771
xmax = 0.6523750913208279
text = "g"
intervals [6]:
xmin = 0.6523750913208279
xmax = 0.7535716319563198
text = "@"
intervals [7]:
xmin = 0.7535716319563198
xmax = 0.8316375347322706
text = "@"
intervals [8]:
xmin = 0.8316375347322706
xmax = 0.8923554591135656
text = "n"
intervals [9]:
xmin = 0.8923554591135656
xmax = 0.9530733834948607
text = "@"
intervals [10]:
xmin = 0.9530733834948607
xmax = 1.057161253862795
text = "m"
intervals [11]:
xmin = 1.057161253862795
xmax = 1.1843797620902705
text = "aU"
intervals [12]:
xmin = 1.1843797620902705
xmax = 1.3087069405853031
text = "z"
intervals [13]:
xmin = 1.3087069405853031
xmax = 1.3838815136288114
text = "w"
intervals [14]:
xmin = 1.3838815136288114
xmax = 1.424360129883008
text = "3:"
intervals [15]:
xmin = 1.424360129883008
xmax = 1.540013319180713
text = "w"
intervals [16]:
xmin = 1.540013319180713
xmax = 1.661449167943303
text = "A:"
intervals [17]:
xmin = 1.661449167943303
xmax = 1.7366237409868113
text = "k"
intervals [18]:
xmin = 1.7366237409868113
xmax = 1.800232995100549
text = "I"
intervals [19]:
xmin = 1.800232995100549
xmax = 1.8667335789467292
text = "ng"
intervals [20]:
xmin = 1.8667335789467292
xmax = 1.9158861843982538
text = "I"
intervals [21]:
xmin = 1.9158861843982538
xmax = 1.9737127790471063
text = "n"
intervals [22]:
xmin = 1.9737127790471063
xmax = 2.0344307034284013
text = "@"
intervals [23]:
xmin = 2.0344307034284013
xmax = 2.184779849515418
text = "f"
intervals [24]:
xmin = 2.184779849515418
xmax = 2.2773024009535816
text = "I"
intervals [25]:
xmin = 2.2773024009535816
xmax = 2.395846919983729
text = "l"
intervals [26]:
xmin = 2.395846919983729
xmax = 2.511500109281434
text = "t"
intervals [27]:
xmin = 2.511500109281434
xmax = 2.522
text = ""
item [4]:
class = "TextTier"
name = "Tones"
xmin = 0
xmax = 2.522
points: size = 4
points [1]:
time = 0.4731126479093854
mark = "L+H"
points [2]:
time = 0.7651369508860902
mark = "H+L"
points [3]:
time = 1.3058156108528607
mark = "L+H"
points [4]:
time = 2.2021278279100733
mark = "L+H"

Session 3,Nov 2, 2006

One student presented her homework-a complete "Praat" transcription and analysis-and we examined it more closely.
The four audio files of the first session were subjects of the discussion. We distinguished between female,male and children voices and tried to differentiate between native and non-native speakers.
According to the analysis, we concluded that speech melody always starts high and then falls. Further more, the analysis showed that the same vowel can sound different depending on the sound that comes next.
Similar to this is "co-articulation". It suggests that the first sound (phoneme) of the next word can be heard in the preceding one.

Session 2, Oct 26, 2006

In this session Mr Gybbon taught us how to use the speech processing program "Praat".

We had a look at the basic functions of "Praat" and learned how to add and label tiers. Our task was to practice the use of the program and to go on with this work at home.

Glossary

Prosody: acoustic properties of speech including intonation,tone, rhythm and lexical stress
Intonation: intonation is the variation of pitch when speaking
Pitch: the perceived fundamental frequency of a sound
Accent: the way a group of people pronounces the sounds of a language
Rhythm: variation of the accentuation of sounds over time
Tone: use of pitch in language to distinguish words
Syllable: consists of a nucleus (vowel), which is the central part of the syllable, and margins (consonants)
Stress: emphasis that may be given to syllables in a word

Session 1, Oct 19, 2006

First Session Oct 19, 2006

In the first session of "Models of prosody" we had a closer look at various definitions of the term "prosody".
"Prosody" was defined as the pattern of stress and intonation in a language.
According to answers.com, these prosodic features of a unit of speech are called suprasegmental features.

Further more, we found a definition related to poetic rythm and metrical structures. In the WordNet it was explained as "the study of poetic meter and the art of versification".

Wikipedia distinguishes between prosody in linguistics which includes intonation and vocal stress in speech, and prosody in poetry which includes vocal composition as function of rhythm and pitch.
"Intonation" was presented as a synonym of prosody several times. Other closely related terms were breath group, tune and speech melody.
Mr Gibbon put the emphasis on the terms "Intonation", "Pitch", "Syllable" and Accent".
In the next lines I will give some definitions of these terms and of other related words:

intonation: rise and fall of the voice pitch
accent: the relative prominence of a syllable or musical note (especially with regard to stress or pitch)
rhythm: the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements
Syllable: a syllable is a word or part of a word that can be pronounced with one impulse from the voice. A syllable always contains a vowel sound, and most syllables have consonants associated with the vowel.
Pitch: the property of sound that varies with variation in the frequency of vibration

Additionally, Mr Gibbon mentioned the term "Paralinguistics" in this context.

Homework: Practical tasks
Our task was to download these audio files and describe informally the kind of English involved
File 1: A : voice of a child
File 2: G : native, adult speaker
File 3: J : dialectal,foreign language speaker
File 4: D : native, adult speaker

1.We had to process them with Praat by creating word, syllable and tone annotation tiers.

(See the results in my following posts)

2.Further more, our homework was to annotate words and syllables and check the web for information about the ToBI annotation notation. On the site www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~tobi/ame_tobi/labelling_guide_v3.pdf I found the following explanations:

"ToBI is a system for transcribing the intonation patterns and other aspects of the prosody of English utterances. It was devised by a group of speech scientists from various different disciplines who wanted a common standard for transcribing an agreed-upon set of prosodic elements, in order to be able to share prosodically transcribed databass across research sites in the pursuit of diverse research purposes and varied technological goals."

3.Then our task was to annotate the tones and describe the ones we have used, their distribution and their function (result can be found in following posts).